Table 2 |
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Pattern of findings for links between environmental attributes (perceived and objective) and children's physical activity. |
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| Associations with physical activity |
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| Environmental Attribute |
Perceived Environment |
Objectively measured environment |
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| Adult report |
Child report |
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| Recreational infrastructure |
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| Private |
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| Home equipment |
0(19) 0(25) 0(26) +(F)(31) +(20) |
0(22) |
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| Public |
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| Proximity of playgrounds and parks |
0(B)(16) 0(28) +(22) |
0(B)(16) +(24) |
+(M)(21) |
| Availability recreation facilities |
0(28) +(18) |
0(F)(19) +(27) +(32) +(20) +(F)(24)+(F)(34) |
+(F)(17) +(F)(37) |
| Spending on recreational infrastructure |
0(17) |
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| Distance to school (school location) |
-(36) -(F)(38) -(33) |
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| School size |
0(30) 0(33) |
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| Equipment/play structures in school play areas |
+(20) |
0(35) +(23) +(29) |
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| Transport infrastructure |
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| Provision of amenities |
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| Presence of sidewalks |
0(32) |
+(33) +(39) |
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| Street and sidewalk conditions |
+(40) |
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| Presence of bike lanes/ease of cycling |
-(M)(18) |
0(40) 0(33) |
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| Presence of controlled crossings |
+(M)(24) |
+(39) |
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| Connectivity of street network |
0(32) |
+(30) -(36) +(F)(37) |
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| Access to destinations |
+(32) -(F)(18) |
+(M)(37) |
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| Availability of public transportation |
+(F)(24) |
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| Road hazards |
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| Number of roads to cross |
-(24) |
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| Traffic (density/speed) |
-(M)(24) -(18) |
-(36) |
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| Pedestrian and cyclist safety |
+(F)(18) |
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| Steep terrain |
-(36) |
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| Local conditions |
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| Safety and neighborhood disorder |
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| Perceived safety |
0(45) 0(B)(16) 0(28) 0(48) +(44) |
0(27) 0(B)(16) 0(32) +(F)(21) |
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| Area deprivation and crime |
-(F)(17) -(F)(21) -(43) |
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| Roaming dogs |
-(18) |
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| Social disorder/stranger danger |
0(24) |
-(44) |
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| Physical disorder/tidiness of area |
0(40) -(44) |
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| Aesthetics of neighborhood |
+(32) |
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| Region and weather |
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| Month of year (average temperature) |
0(43) -11 -(M)(17) |
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| Unsuitable weather |
0(46) |
0(47) -(17) |
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| Region of the United States |
0(43) |
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| Rural/suburban versus urban |
0(47)+(B)(42) -(W)(42) |
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| Population density |
+(30) 0(33) |
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Note: 1 Associations identified with physical activity: +, significant positive association; -, significant negative association; 0, no association. Superscript numbers = reference number. Effects that are specific to particular demographic groups are noted as follows: M = males; F = females; B = Black/African American sample or subgroup |
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Davison and Lawson International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2006 3:19 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-3-19 |
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